Methods and apparatus for subframe configuration and generation in a multi-carrier communication system

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for subframe configuration and generation in a multi-cell multi-carrier system. A frame for radio transmission in the system consists of multiple subframes, and each subframe consists of multiple Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. Training symbols, frequency-domain data scrambling, size of Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), or length of cyclic prefix can be configured differently for each subframe to facilitate different applications, such as unicasting or broadcasting.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/949,806, filed Nov. 23, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/276,736 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,198,179), filed May13, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/226,434 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,724,443), filed Sep. 6, 2011, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/568,385 (now U.S.Pat. No. 8,014,264), having a 371 date of Aug. 16, 2007, all of whichare incorporated by reference in their entirety. U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/568,385 is a U.S. National Stage of InternationalApplication No. PCT/US2005/014835, filed Apr. 29, 2005, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/567,234, filed onMay 1, 2004. This application also relates to PCT Application No.PCT/US2005/001939 filed Jan. 20, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/540,032 filed Jan. 29, 2004; PCTApplication No. PCT/US2005/004601 filed Feb. 14, 2005, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/544,521 filed Feb. 13,2004; PCT Application No. PCT/US2005/003889 filed Feb. 7, 2005, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/542,317 filedFeb. 7, 2004; and PCT Application No. PCT/US2005/008169 filed Mar. 9,2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/551,589 filed Mar. 9, 2004.

BACKGROUND

It is foreseeable that in future wireless communications will includevoice, interactive data, video and audio on-demand, and digital videoand audio broadcasting services. It will be efficient and cost-effectivefor a single system to provide these services simultaneously. Thechallenges in developing such a system lie in two aspects of thedistinctive transmission characteristics associated with theseapplications: traffic symmetry and signal interaction environment. Forexample, voice traffic is symmetric on both the downlink and uplink,whereas interactive-data traffic is asymmetric, with heavier load on thedownlink. Voice services are based on unicast, where signals from otherbase stations are considered as unwanted interference and thus should beminimized, and whereas data broadcast services are spectral-efficientlyprovided if every base station within the network transmit the samesignal in synchronization.

In general, existing wireless systems are inadequate in dealing withboth aspects of these challenges. Some time-division duplex systems aredesigned to support asymmetric two-way applications, but are unequippedto carry out broadcasting efficiently. Some systems are designed forbroadcast, but are unable to provide two-way applications. There is aneed to overcome such underlying difficulties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a multi-cell, multi-user cellular system.

FIG. 2 illustrates frame structure of an exemplary TDD system, where aframe is divided into four subframes and each subframe can have adifferent ratio of downlink and uplink periods.

FIG. 3 illustrates four examples of the subframe structure depicted inthe exemplary system of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates a basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in thefrequency domain, which is made up of subcarriers that can be groupedinto subchannels. The pilot subcarriers are also distributed over theentire channel. FIG. 4 illustrates interleaved subchannels.

FIG. 5 illustrates a radio resource divided into small units in both thefrequency and time domains—subchannels and time-slots. The basicstructure of a multi-carrier signal in the time domain is made up ofsymbols.

FIG. 6 illustrates a time-slot structure of an OFDMA system, where onetime-slot is comprised of four OFDM symbols, and each OFDM symbolcontains a cyclic prefix and a basic OFDM signal.

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an OFDMA system using adaptableframe structure (AFS).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The multi-carrier system mentioned here can be of any format such asOFDM, or Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA). Thedisclosed methods can also be applied to downlink, uplink, or both,where the duplexing technique is either Time Division Duplexing (TDD) orFrequency Division Duplexing (FDD).

The following description provides specific details for a thoroughunderstanding of the various embodiments and for the enablement of oneskilled in the art. However, one skilled in the art will understand thatthe invention may be practiced without such details. In some instances,well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described indetail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of theembodiments.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of“including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or pluralnumber in this Detailed Description section also include the plural orsingular number respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,”“below” and words of similar import, when used in this application,shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particularportions of this application. When the claims use the word “or” inreference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of thefollowing interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, allof the items in the list and any combination of the items in the list.

In a cellular system with base stations and mobile stations, thetransmission from a base station to a mobile station is called adownlink and the transmission from a mobile station to a base station iscalled an uplink. The coverage area of a base station is called a cell,which may be further divided into multiple sectors. In this descriptionno distinction is made between a cell and a sector. Both are generallycalled a cell. FIG. 1 is an illustration of a multi-cell, multi-usercellular system.

In accordance with the principles of the invention, a transmission frameconsists of multiple subframes, each containing a downlink transmissionperiod and an uplink transmission period. The same structure of thetransmission frame is used by all the cells within the network, andframes are transmitted in synchronization among the cells. That is, atransmission frame begins at substantially the same time in each cell.Proper guard periods (GP1 and GP2) are inserted to account for the timeneeded to turn on and off transmitters and receivers, as well as radiopropagation delay.

The ratio of downlink and uplink transmission periods in each subframecan be independently adapted to support applications with a variety oftraffic patterns, from symmetric to highly asymmetric, during initialdeployment or system run time. This way, a great variety of applicationsfrom normal two-way data communication, to voice communication, video ordata broadcasting, can be supported efficiently in a single frequencyband, while multiple frequency bands can be used to increase capacity oradd more flexibility.

In the example shown in FIG. 2, a 10-ms frame is divided into foursubframes. The downlink and uplink ratio can be different for differentsubframes. For example, the downlink is longer than the uplink insubframe #1, while the downlink is shorter than the uplink in subframe#4.

In one embodiment, each subframe is further divided into multiple slots.The time-slot configuration within each individual subframe can beadjusted to a different ratio of the number of downlink slots to that ofthe uplink slots. In the example shown in FIG. 3, each subframe consistsof six time-slots. To support different applications ranging fromsymmetric services to highly asymmetric services, the six time-slotswithin each individual subframe of this example can be configured toseven different downlink and uplink ratios (3:3, 4:2, 5:1, 6:0, 2:4,1:5, and 0:6). The first four configurations are illustrated in FIG. 3.

In an embodiment that provides multiple services, a transmission frameis comprised of subframes with different downlink and uplink ratios. Forexample, amongst the four subframes, a 6:0-ratio subframe is used tosupport digital video broadcasting services; a 3:3-ratio subframe isused to support symmetric voice over IP (VoIP) services; and two4:2-ratio subframes are used to support typical asymmetric dataservices.

The described frame structure allows for lower overhead whilemaintaining short subframes. This makes fast feedback possible betweenmobile stations and their base stations and enables an adaptable framestructure (AFS) system to make more effective use of other advancedtechnologies such as link adaptation, hybrid ARQ, beamforming, andtransmit diversity.

In one embodiment, the subframe is limited to a relatively smallduration with respect to the channel coherence time, thereby effectivelymaking use of other radio technologies that require a fast feedbackchannel. In correspondence with the above example, the subframe durationis designed to be around 2.4 ms, which is much less than 7.66 ms, thecoherence time for a 60-km/h mobile channel at 2.35 GHz.

In one embodiment, each frame contains a special downlink period (SDP),during which a base station broadcasts signals for control information,such as the ratio of downlink and uplink in each subframe in that frame,cell identity information, and other system and adaptive controlinformation. The SDP can be placed either outside of individualsubframes, preferably at the beginning of a frame, as shown in FIG. 2,or within the downlink of subframes. Multiple SDPs can also be insertedinto a frame. Also, multiple subframes can share the use of the same SDPto reduce the overhead and to increase the overall system spectralefficiency.

In another embodiment, each frame contains at least one special uplinkperiod (SUP), during which mobile stations may carry out functions suchas initial ranging during power up and handoff, periodic ranging, andbandwidth request, channel sounding to assist downlink scheduling oradvanced antenna technologies, and other radio functions. The SUP can beplaced outside of individual subframes. Alternatively, the SUP can beplaced within the uplink period of individual subframes, preferably, inthe beginning of the uplink period. Multiple SUPs can be inserted into aframe. Also, multiple subframes can share the same SUP to reduce theoverhead and to increase the overall system spectral efficiency.

In yet another embodiment, the SUP is either based on contention orcoordination. In the latter case, the use of the SUP is fully orpartially scheduled by the base station and the scheduling informationis carried by the downlink signal.

In accordance with the embodiments of this invention, adaptivetransmission techniques such as adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) andpower control may be applied to downlink transmission, uplinktransmission, or both.

In one embodiment, a mobile station monitors the downlink signal qualityand sends the channel quality information (CQI) to its serving basestation. The base station adjusts modulation and coding schemes (MCS)based on the received CQI for the downlink transmission to this mobilestation and sends the indication of MCS to this mobile station.

In another embodiment, the downlink transmission uses power control. Amobile station monitors the downlink signal quality and sends the powercontrol requests to its serving base station. The base station adjuststransmission power to this mobile station accordingly.

In yet another embodiment, AMC and power control are jointly performed.The feedback from a mobile station contains information for both AMC andpower control. The base station adjusts MCS and power level for thetransmission to this mobile accordingly, and sends indication signal tothis mobile station about the adjustments.

In another embodiment, the uplink transmission uses AMC. The basestation monitors uplink signals and sends the CQI to mobile stations.Mobile stations adjust the MCS based on the received CQI and also sendthe indication of MCS to the base station. Alternatively, the basestation makes decisions on the MCS for each mobile station uplinktransmission based on its received uplink signals. Then the base stationsends the command to mobile stations to dictate the use of the decidedMCS.

In yet another embodiment, the uplink transmission uses power control.The base station monitors the uplink signal quality and sends the powercontrol requests to mobile stations. Mobile stations adjust transmissionpower accordingly.

In still another embodiment, AMC and power control are jointlyperformed. The feedback or the decision from the base station containsinformation for both AMC and power control. Mobile stations adjust MCSand power level accordingly.

In accordance with the aspects of this invention, hybrid ARQ is appliedto the downlink transmission, uplink transmission, or both. In oneembodiment, mobile stations detect the transmitted packet from the basestation and send the acknowledgement (ACK) or negative acknowledgement(NAK) to the base station. If NAK is received at the base station, iteither re-transmits the same packet or transmits more redundancy tofacilitate the further decoding of the previously failed packet at themobile station.

In another embodiment, a base station detects the transmitted packetfrom the mobile stations and sends the acknowledgement (ACK) or negativeacknowledgement (NAK) to the mobile stations. If NAK is received at themobile station, it either re-transmits the same packet or transmits moreredundancy to facilitate the further decoding of the previously failedpacket at the base station.

In accordance with the principles of this invention, different types ofservices can be provided via different subframes. For example, two-waydata communication is carried out using a subframe, for example thefirst subframe, while data (including video) broadcasting is carried outusing another subframe, for example the second subframe. Therefore, thefirst and second subframes can be configured, based on their owntransmission characteristics, with different system parameters, such asa scrambler or randomizer, subchannel (in OFDM) or code (in CDMA)construction, size of FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) (in OFDM) or lengthof spreading codes (in CDMA), and training signal configuration.

In one embodiment, in the first subframe, the scrambler or randomizer,and the training symbol configuration are different in individual cellsto achieve inter-cell interference randomization and to facilitatefrequency reuse among multiple cells. In the second subframe, thescrambler or randomizer, and the training symbol configuration on thedownlink are set to be the same for different cells; therefore, multiplebase stations and cells form a single frequency network (SFN). Thisimproves broadcasting performance because broadcast data is the same forall cells in the network.

In another embodiment, the entire said second subframe is used fordownlink broadcasting or at least one uplink time-slot is used tofacilitate a continuous flow of channel feedback information,potentially improving the communication efficiency in other subframes.

In yet another embodiment, a base station provides two-way datacommunication services using the first subframe and another base stationprovides broadcasting services using the second subframe. Cell size isnot necessarily the same for these two base stations. For example,broadcasting base stations use higher transmission power to cover alarger area than do two-way data communication base stations.

In accordance with the embodiments in this invention, the AFS makes itfeasible and practical to configure the system to achieve the equivalenteffects of frequency reuse. For example, in the case in FIG. 3, amongstthe four subframes within a frame, the odd-number subframes may beallocated for one group of cells; and the even-number subframesallocated for another group of base stations, thus creating an operatingenvironment with a frequency reuse factor of 2. In this case, theflexible frequency reuse factor makes it possible to have one frequencyband to support frequency reuse of one and two.

Furthermore, the use of this type of subframe structure makes itpossible for run-time configuration to adapt to the change in servicetype without interrupting the service. For instance, one subframe can beturned off momentarily for all the cells and re-configured to adifferent DL/UL ratio when the traffic pattern changes, while normalcommunication is maintained in other subframes.

The physical media resource (e.g., radio or cable) in a multi-carriercommunication system can be divided in both frequency and time domains.This canonical division provides a high flexibility and fine granularityfor resource sharing. Within a particular spectral band or channel,there are a fixed number of subcarriers. The basic structure of amulti-carrier signal in the frequency domain is made up of subcarriers.There are three types of subcarriers:

-   -   1. Data subcarriers, which carry information data;    -   2. Pilot subcarriers, whose phases and amplitudes are        predetermined and made known to all receivers and which are used        for assisting system functions such as estimation of system        parameters; and    -   3. Silent subcarriers, which have no energy and are used for        guard bands and DC carrier.

The data subcarriers can be arranged into groups called subchannels tosupport scalability and multiple-access. The carriers forming onesubchannel are not necessarily adjacent to each other. Each user may usepart or all of the subchannels. The concept is illustrated in FIG. 4 forthe interleaved subchannels at the base station transmitter. Theresource division in both the frequency and time domains is depicted inFIG. 5.

FIG. 6 illustrates a structure of a time-slot, where each time-slotconsists of multiple OFDM symbols (4in the example). In one embodiment,one OFDM symbol is used on the downlink in a subframe to indicate thedownlink MCS for each used subchannel and the command for uplink MCS andpower control. One OFDM symbol is used on the uplink in the subframe toindicate the measured downlink CQI for corresponding mobile stations.Different mobile stations fill different bit fields in the OFDM symbol,corresponding to their downlink subchannels respectively.

FIG. 7 illustrates the functional block diagram of an OFDMA system usingAFS. Input data 710 for a subchannel are first randomized inrandomization element 720, encoded with forward error correcting codes(FEC) in FEC element 730, passed through an interleaver 740, and thenmodulated in modulation facility 750. The modulated symbols as well aspilot symbols, which are inserted in pilot insertion facility 760, aremapped to subcarriers by element 770 according to asubchannel-subcarrier configuration. An IFFT (Inverse Fast FourierTransform) 780 converts the subcarriers from frequency domain to timedomain, and then cyclic prefixes are added in cyclic prefix facility790. A controller controls the randomization, the pilot configuration,subcarrier mapping, FFT size, and cyclic prefix length based on the cellidentity and the subframe characteristics. For example, if the firstsubframe is used to provide voice services, the controller sets therandomization, the pilot configuration, subcarrier mapping, etc., whichare different from those used in other cells. On the other hand, if thesecond subframe is used to provide broadcast services, the controllersets these parameters to be the same as others. Additionally, themodulation, coding, and the transmission power can also be adaptivelycontrolled based on the channel status.

Two-way data communication may be carried out using a subframe called athird subframe while data (including video) broadcasting is carried outusing another subframe called a fourth subframe. OFDM is used in bothsubframes. The system configuration, such as the randomizer, thesubchannel construction, the FFT size, the length of cyclic prefix, andpilot configuration, for the third subframe can be different from thoseof the fourth subframe, corresponding to their different transmissioncharacteristics.

In one embodiment, in the third subframe, the randomizer, the pilotconfiguration, or the subcarrier permutation within a subchannel aredifferent in individual cells to achieve inter-cell interferencerandomization and to facilitate frequency reuse among multiple cells.For the fourth subframe, the randomizer, the pilot configuration, andthe subcarrier permutation within a subchannel are the same in differentcells. Therefore, for the fourth subframe, multiple base stations andcells form a single frequency network (SFN). This improves thebroadcasting performance because the broadcast data are the same for allcells in the network. FIG. 7 also shows a controlling mechanism fordifferent types of subframes.

In another embodiment, the entire fourth subframe is used for thedownlink broadcasting or at least one uplink time-slot is used tofacilitate a continuous flow of channel feedback information,potentially improving the communication efficiency in other subframes.

While specific circuitry may be employed to implement the aboveembodiments, aspects of the invention can be implemented in a suitablecomputing environment. Although not required, aspects of the inventionmay be implemented as computer-executable instructions, such as routinesexecuted by a general-purpose computer, e.g., a server computer,wireless device or personal computer. Those skilled in the relevant artwill appreciate that aspects of the invention can be practiced withother communications, data processing, or computer systemconfigurations, including: Internet appliances, hand-held devices(including personal digital assistants (PDAs)), wearable computers, allmanner of cellular or mobile phones, multi-processor systems,microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, set-topboxes, network PCs, mini-computers, mainframe computers, and the like.Indeed, the terms “computer,” “host,” and “host computer” are generallyused interchangeably herein, and refer to any of the above devices andsystems, as well as any data processor.

Aspects of the invention can be embodied in a special purpose computeror data processor that is specifically programmed, configured, orconstructed to perform one or more of the processes explained in detailherein. Aspects of the invention can also be practiced in distributedcomputing environments where tasks or modules are performed by remoteprocessing devices, which are linked through a communications network,such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or theInternet. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may belocated in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Aspects of the invention may be stored or distributed oncomputer-readable media, including magnetically or optically readablecomputer discs, hard-wired or preprogrammed chips (e.g., EEPROMsemiconductor chips), nanotechnology memory, biological memory, or otherdata storage media. Indeed, computer implemented instructions, datastructures, screen displays, and other data under aspects of theinvention may be distributed over the Internet or over other networks(including wireless networks), on a propagated signal on a propagationmedium (e.g., an electromagnetic wave(s), a sound wave, etc.) over aperiod of time, or they may be provided on any analog or digital network(packet switched, circuit switched, or other scheme). Those skilled inthe relevant art will recognize that portions of the invention reside ona server computer, while corresponding portions reside on a clientcomputer such as a mobile or portable device, and thus, while certainhardware platforms are described herein, aspects of the invention areequally applicable to nodes on a network.

The above detailed description of the embodiments of the invention isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the preciseform disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for,the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, variousequivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention,as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, whileprocesses or blocks are presented in a given order, alternativeembodiments may perform routines having steps, or employ systems havingblocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may bedeleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified. Each ofthese processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of differentways.

Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed inseries, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel,or may be performed at different times. Where the context permits, wordsin the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural numbermay also include the plural or singular number respectively.

The teachings provided herein can be applied to other systems, notnecessarily the system described herein. The elements and acts of thevarious embodiments described above can be combined to provide furtherembodiments. All of the above patents and applications and otherreferences, including any that may be listed in accompanying filingpapers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the inventioncan be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, andconcepts of the various references described above to provide yetfurther embodiments of the invention.

Particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspectsof the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology isbeing redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics,features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology isassociated. In general, the terms used in the following claims shouldnot be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodimentsdisclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Descriptionsection explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope ofthe invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but alsoall equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention.

The above detailed description of the embodiments of the invention isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the preciseform disclosed above or to the particular field of usage mentioned inthis disclosure. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, theinvention are described above for illustrative purposes, variousequivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention,as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. Also, the teachingsof the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, notnecessarily the system described above. The elements and acts of thevarious embodiments described above can be combined to provide furtherembodiments.

Changes can be made to the invention in light of the above “DetailedDescription.” While the above description details certain embodiments ofthe invention and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter howdetailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced inmany ways. Therefore, implementation details may vary considerably whilestill being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As notedabove, particular terminology used when describing certain features oraspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that theterminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specificcharacteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which thatterminology is associated.

In general, the terms used in the following claims should not beconstrued to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosedin the specification, unless the above Detailed Description sectionexplicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of theinvention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also allequivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under theclaims.

While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certainclaim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of theinvention in any number of claim forms. Accordingly, the inventorsreserve the right to add additional claims after filing the applicationto pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of theinvention.

1.-15. (canceled)
 16. A method for a base station in a cell of amulti-cell wireless system, the method comprising: broadcasting a signalcontaining a cell identity associated with the cell; scrambling databefore modulation, wherein a first scrambling configuration is used fora first subframe, the first scrambling configuration being based on thecell identity, and a second scrambling configuration is used for asecond subframe, the second scrambling configuration being the same formultiple cells; modulating the scrambled data to produce modulated datasymbols; mapping the modulated data symbols to a plurality of orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers in a subchannel,wherein the base station uses a transmission frame structure, each framecomprising a plurality of subframes, each subframe comprising aplurality of time slots, and each time slot comprising a plurality ofOFDM symbols; and transmitting data over the subchannel to a mobilestation in the cell.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein a subframecontaining the time slot is characterized by a specific type oftransmission.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein characteristics of thesubchannel are determined by the type of transmission.
 19. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the mapping of the modulated data symbols to theplurality of OFDM subcarriers in the subchannel is based oncharacteristics of the subframe.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein aninverse FFT is applied to the OFDM subcarriers to generate a time-domainsignal and the size of the inverse FFT is based on characteristics ofthe subframe.
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein a cyclic prefix (CP)is added to each of the plurality of OFDM symbols, wherein the length ofthe CP is based on characteristics of the subframe.
 22. The method ofclaim 16, wherein training symbols are transmitted with the modulateddata.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein phases and amplitudes of thetraining symbols are set based on the cell identity.
 24. The method ofclaim 22, wherein the training symbols are mapped to OFDM subcarriers inthe frequency channel based on the cell identity.
 25. A base station ina cell of a multi-cell wireless system, the base station comprising: atransmitter configured to: broadcast a signal containing a cell identityassociated with the cell; and transmit data over a plurality oforthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers in asubchannel to a mobile station in the cell, wherein the base stationuses a transmission frame structure, each frame comprising a pluralityof subframes, each subframe comprising a plurality of time slots, andeach time slot comprising a plurality of OFDM symbols; and a controllerconfigured to: scramble the data before modulation, wherein a firstscrambling configuration is used for a first subframe, the firstscrambling configuration being based on the cell identity, and a secondscrambling configuration is used for a second subframe, the secondscrambling configuration being the same for multiple cells; modulate thescrambled data to produce modulated data symbols; and map the modulateddata symbols to the plurality of OFDM subcarriers in the subchannel. 26.A method for a mobile station in a cell of a multi-cell wireless system,the method comprising: transmitting an uplink signal to a base stationin the cell, the uplink signal carrying control information, datapackets, or both control information and data packets; receiving, fromthe base station, a signal containing a cell identity associated withthe cell; receiving, from the base station, data over a subchannelcontaining a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) subcarriers, wherein: the received data were scrambled beforemodulation, wherein a first scrambling configuration was used for afirst subframe, the first scrambling configuration being based on thecell identity, and a second scrambling configuration was used for asecond subframe, the second scrambling configuration being the same formultiple cells; the scrambled data were modulated to produce modulateddata symbols; and the modulated data symbols were mapped to theplurality of OFDM subcarriers in the subchannel.
 27. The method of claim26, further comprising receiving training symbols with the receiveddata.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein phases and amplitudes of thetraining symbols were determined based on the cell identity.
 29. Themethod of claim 27, wherein the training symbols were mapped to OFDMsubcarriers in the frequency channel based on the cell identity.
 30. Themethod of claim 26, further comprising sending an acknowledgement (ACK)to the base station if the data was successfully received or a negativeacknowledgement (NAK) to the base station if the data was unsuccessfullyreceived.
 31. A mobile station in a cell of a multi-cell wirelesssystem, the mobile station comprising: a transmitter configured totransmit an uplink signal to a base station in the cell, the uplinksignal carrying control information, data packets, or both controlinformation and data packets; and a receiver configured to: receive,from the base station, a signal containing a cell identity associatedwith the cell; and receive, from the base station, data over asubchannel containing a plurality of orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers, wherein: the received data werescrambled before modulation, wherein a first scrambling configurationwas used for a first subframe, the first scrambling configuration beingbased on the cell identity, and a second scrambling configuration wasused for a second subframe, the second scrambling configuration beingthe same for multiple cells; the scrambled data were modulated toproduce modulated data symbols; and the modulated data symbols weremapped to the plurality of OFDM subcarriers in the subchannel.